![]() This second dredge-up causes an increase in the surface abundance of 4He and 14N, whereas the amount of 12C and 16O decreases. When helium fusion comes to an end at the core, convection mixes the products of the CNO cycle. The second dredge-up The second dredge-up occurs in stars with 4–8 solar masses. ![]() As a result of the convective mixing, the outer atmosphere will display the spectral signature of hydrogen fusion: The 12C/ 13C and C/ N ratios are lowered, and the surface abundances of lithium and beryllium may be reduced.
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